Varnishing is an essential step in preserving and protecting oil paintings. Varnish not only enhances the vibrancy of colors but also provides a protective layer against dust, dirt, and UV radiation. Selecting the right varnish for your oil paintings can be challenging due to the variety of options available. This guide will explore the best varnishes for oil paintings, their benefits, and how to apply them effectively.
Understanding Varnishes
Varnishes are typically categorized into two main types: natural and synthetic. Natural varnishes are derived from organic materials such as tree resin, while synthetic varnishes are made from polymers and other man-made compounds. Each type has its advantages and is suitable for different artistic needs.
Natural Varnishes
Damar Varnish
Origin: Made from the sap of damar trees.
Characteristics: Provides a high-gloss finish and enhances the depth of colors. It is easy to remove with solvents.
Application: Should be applied in a well-ventilated area as it contains strong solvents.
Pros: Traditional choice, easy to remove for future conservation.
Cons: Can yellow over time and may become brittle.
Mastic Varnish
Origin: Made from the resin of mastic trees.
Characteristics: Offers a soft, satin finish. It is less glossy than damar varnish but provides a beautiful sheen.
Application: Requires careful application due to its tendency to crack over time.
Pros: Gives a soft, elegant finish.
Cons: Prone to yellowing and cracking.
Synthetic Varnishes
Acrylic Varnish
Origin: Made from acrylic polymer resins.
Characteristics: Available in gloss, satin, and matte finishes. It is flexible and resistant to yellowing.
Application: Can be applied with a brush or spray.
Pros: Non-yellowing, flexible, and durable.
Cons: Can be more difficult to remove than natural varnishes.
Alkyd Varnish
Origin: Made from modified polyester resins.
Characteristics: Dries quickly and provides a hard, durable finish. It is less prone to yellowing compared to natural varnishes.
Application: Suitable for both brush and spray application.
Pros: Durable, resistant to yellowing.
Cons: Can be challenging to remove for restoration purposes.
Top Varnish Recommendations
Gamblin Gamvar
Type: Synthetic resin.
Finish: Available in gloss, satin, and matte.
Features: Gamvar is popular for its clarity, ease of removal, and versatility. It can be applied when the painting is touch-dry.
Application: Brush-on varnish that requires careful application to avoid bubbles.
Pros: Non-yellowing, easy to remove, enhances colors.
Cons: Requires careful application to prevent streaks.
Winsor & Newton Dammar Varnish
Type: Natural resin.
Finish: High gloss.
Features: Traditional damar varnish known for its deep, glossy finish.
Application: Best applied in thin layers with a soft brush.
Pros: Enhances color depth, easy to remove.
Cons: Can yellow and crack over time.
Golden MSA Varnish
Type: Synthetic resin.
Finish: Available in gloss, satin, and matte.
Features: UV resistant, flexible, and durable. It can be thinned with mineral spirits for easier application.
Application: Suitable for both brush and spray applications.
Pros: UV resistant, flexible, and provides a protective barrier.
Cons: Requires mineral spirits for thinning and removal.
Krylon Gallery Series Conservation Varnish
Type: Synthetic resin.
Finish: Available in gloss, satin, and matte.
Features: Provides UV protection and is easy to apply with a spray can.
Application: Spray application offers an even coat with minimal effort.
Pros: Convenient spray application, UV protection.
Cons: Less control over application compared to brush-on varnishes.
How to Apply Varnish
Preparation: Ensure the painting is completely dry. For oil paintings, this can take 6-12 months depending on the thickness of the paint layers. Clean the painting’s surface with a soft brush to remove dust.
Test Area: Always test the varnish on a small, inconspicuous area to check for compatibility and desired finish.
Environment: Work in a dust-free, well-ventilated area. Avoid applying varnish in humid or very hot conditions.
Application:
Brush-on Varnish: Use a clean, soft brush. Apply in thin, even layers, moving in one direction. Allow each layer to dry before applying the next.
Spray Varnish: Shake the can well. Hold it at a distance of 12-18 inches from the surface. Spray in a steady, back-and-forth motion, overlapping slightly for even coverage.
Drying: Allow the varnish to dry completely in a dust-free environment. Drying times vary by product, so refer to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Conclusion
Choosing the right varnish for your oil paintings is crucial for preserving their beauty and longevity. Natural varnishes like damar and mastic offer traditional finishes but come with potential drawbacks like yellowing and brittleness. Synthetic varnishes, including acrylic and alkyd, provide durable, flexible, and non-yellowing alternatives. Products like Gamblin Gamvar, Winsor & Newton Dammar Varnish, Golden MSA Varnish, and Krylon Gallery Series Conservation Varnish are excellent choices for protecting your artwork. Proper application techniques and environmental conditions are essential to achieve the best results. By understanding the options and application methods, you can ensure your oil paintings remain vibrant and protected for years to come.